1. カジノシークレット キャッシュバック率ingle Framework with Participation by All Major Emitters

As humankind's first accord aimed at combating climate change, the Kyoto Protocol is an important international framework, and its signatories must make every effort to achieve its targets. However, the absence of the U.S. and the rapid growth of China and other emerging economies have meant that countries committed to reductions now account for less than 30 percent of global CO₂ emissions, and total global emissions continue to rise rapidly. We must swiftly create カジノシークレット キャッシュバック率ingle international framework including countries such as the U.S. and China that have not committed to reductions under the Kyoto Protocol, develop shared global targets for reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG), and work together towards meeting those targets.

As international negotiations on creating a new framework have bogged down, some discussion has emphasised or accepted the setting of カジノシークレット キャッシュバック率econd commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol. However, if the protocol is extended to カジノシークレット キャッシュバック率econd period, no matter what form this extension may take, the momentum for participation by the U.S. and emerging countries including China will be lost. Entrenching the existing international framework would be a backward step for climate change prevention. We renew our call for the Japanese government to maintain a position of only agreeing to カジノシークレット キャッシュバック率ingle international framework with participation by all major emitters.

2. Assuring International Equity

Although there is an urgent need to reduce emissions in order to combat climate change, strict targets will have serious effects on economies anカジノシークレット キャッシュバック率mployment. To assure equity, international negotiations must take proper account of past reduction efforts and future scope for reductions. Among developed countries in particular, negotiations should assure equivalence of costs required to achieve reductions (marginal abatement costs).

Japan needs to conduct a transparent and open public debate on its reduction targets from the three perspectives of international equity, feasibility, and the appropriateness of the public burden, in order to set medium-term targets that are acceptable to its citizens.

3. The Importance of Technology
(Developing Innovative Technologies and Diffusing Existing Technologies)

Technology is the key to combating climate change while achieving economic growth. Widespread use of best available low-carbon technologies on a global scale will enable the achievement of major reductions in GHG emissions. However, halving GHG emissions by 2050 amid ongoing growth in the worlカジノシークレット キャッシュバック率conomy will require not only widespread use of existing technologies, but also the development of innovative new technologies.

Some international negotiations have proposed compulsory licensing and purchase of intellectual property rights to ensure the worldwide diffusion of low carbon technologies. However, given that appropriate protection of intellectual property rights is essential to encouraging development of such technologies and facilitating their transfer, we are against purchasing as well as the granting of compulsory licenses.

(1) Developing Innovative Technologies

Since innovative technologies require lengthy timelines and enormous budgets for basic research through to development, commercialisation and diffusion, there is a limit to what can be achieved in カジノシークレット キャッシュバック率ingle country. We need カジノシークレット キャッシュバック率hared international roadmap for development of fundamental technology required to halve GHG emissions by 2050, to act as a basis for cooperation in joint R&D efforts by industry, academia and government.

(2) Support for Reduction Efforts in Developing Countries
(International Contribution through Diffusion of Existing Technologies)

1. (a) Creating an environment that encourages technology transfer on a commercial basis
   Most transfer and diffusion of low carbon technologies to developing countries is conducted on a commercial basis, such as export of products from developed countries, direct investment, technical cooperation, and patent licensing, yet businesspeople have noted factors in developing countries that hinder technology transfer, including lack of expertise or human resources in recipient countries and inadequate protection of intellectual property rights.

   It would be desirable to remove such obstacles through dialogue between developing countries and developed countries including Japan, and through support via public funds. Together with technical cooperation, particular attention should be paid to human resource development and other forms of capacity building to enable developing countries to smoothly absorb technologies.

2. (b) Creating new bilateral offset mechanisms that evaluate international contributions
   The Kyoto Protocol introduced the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as a way of supporting emission reductions in developing countries, but users have noted various points that could be improved, including rigid procedures for approval of credits.

   As カジノシークレット キャッシュバック率upplement to the CDM, we welcome efforts to create bilateral offset mechanisms recognising overseas GHG reductions made using Japanese technology as a contribution by Japan. Swift introduction of such mechanisms will require methodology for measuring GHG emission reductions, accelerated inter-government talks aimed at reaching bilateral agreements with developing countries, and the promotion of international understanding of Japan's initiatives.

   The Japanese business community will take every opportunity, including the upcoming COP16, to actively cooperate in raising international awareness of the importance of bilateral offset mechanisms aimed at reducing global GHG emissions and in formulating specific rules for such systems.

"Nippon Keidanren's Commitment to a Low Carbon Society", which is currently being implemented, sets out a vision for the Japanese business community to harness its technological prowess and assume an instrumental role in achieving the target of halving global emissions of GHGs by 2050. The Commitment comprises four pillars: (1) maximising the introduction of best available low-carbon technologies in corporate activities, (2) developing and commercialising products and services that harness world-leading energy-saving technologies for consumers, (3) transferring technology anカジノシークレット キャッシュバック率xpertise to other countries, and (4) developing innovative technologies. Through these initiatives, we aim to make an active contribution to achieving a low carbon society of global scale.

In cooperation with the worldwide business community, Nippon Keidanren aims to contribute to building an effective international framework. Forums where government and industry can share knowledge are a crucial element of this process, and we hope that opportunities for public-private dialogue, such as the Mexican Dialogues^#3 currently being promoted by the Mexican government, will continue to grow.