[ Keidanren ] [ Policy ]
PROPOSAL FOR THカジノシークレット 出金 時間ROMOTION OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

III. DETAILED ANALYSIS


  1. System-related Issues Concerning Electronic Authentication
  2. Ensuring Proper Handling of Personal Information
  3. Consumer Protection
  4. Making Institutions Amenable to Electronic Commerce
  5. Taxation Systems
  6. Formulation of International Tariff Rules
  7. Establishment of Intellectual-property-right Systems for the Digital and Networked Environment
  8. Promoting the Development and Use of Encoding Technologies and Products
  9. Government and Private-sector Involvement in Development of International Frameworks
  10. Providing Diverse and Affordable Telecommunications Services
  11. Improving Information Literacy
  12. Support for Smooth Employment Shifting

  1. SYSTEM-RELATED ISSUES CONCERNING ELECTRONIC AUTHENTICATION
    1. Identification of Problems
    2. Copying and falsification are easier in the world of electronics than in the real world. To achieve the same level of confidence as in the real world, it may be necessary to develop new mechanisms to determine the source of data, thカジノシークレット 出金 時間dentity of the recipient and thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ntegrity of information.
      A variety of new technologies are being developed to support electronic signatures and authentication. Thesカジノシークレット 出金 時間nclude not only encoding techniques but also biometrics, which involves the digitization of personal characteristics, such as iris color or fingerprints. These technologies will enhance security and improve the reliability of transactions in the digital society. They are also expected to lead to the creation of new businesses, such as electronic certification services. If we are to realize these goals, companies and individuals will need to have access to a wide range of affordable electronic signature and authentication systems.

    3. Basic Thinking
      1. Infrastructure should be developed to allow electronic signatures to be accepted in the same way as handwritten signatures or seals. The current priorities, in terms of promoting the growth of electronic commerce, through encouraging the development and use of a wide variety of low-cost electronic signature and authentication systems are to create systems that can adapt flexibly to rapid technological innovation and changing user needs. We will also need to prevent our legal system from falling out of step with the development of diverse business models and technological trends. In addition, systems should not be allowed to hinder the free development of businesses by a wide variety of entrepreneurs. The public and private sectors will need to work together to study and overcome thesカジノシークレット 出金 時間ssues.
      2. To makカジノシークレット 出金 時間nternational electronic commerce more convenient for users, it will be necessary to create systems that allow electronic signatures from one country to be recognized in another. Governments and regions should negotiate mutual recognition arrangements under which electronic signatures from one country or region have the same legal weight in others. Wherever possible, agreements among private-sector certification authorities should be recognized. Japan should lobby other governments and regional authorities to avoid the adoption of systems that exclude foreign certification authorities or that require systems more stringent than local systems as a condition of mutual recognition.
      3. The need to establish electronic signature and authentication systems is greater in thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ublic sector than in thカジノシークレット 出金 時間rivate sector. To improve the efficiency and speed of public services and reduce the cost to individuals and businesses, the government should introduce electronic systems in such areas as thカジノシークレット 出金 時間rocessing of applications, declarations, and procurements. The establishment of electronic authentication systems for thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ublic sector is an urgent priority in terms of achieving this transition to electronic government. The authentication standards adopted by thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ublic sector must be able to accommodate a wide variety of requirements, and it must bカジノシークレット 出金 時間ossible to use the same standards with all ministries and agencies. In principle, actual certification services should be outsourced to thカジノシークレット 出金 時間rivate sector.

    4. Review of Civil Law Provisions
      1. The Code of Civil Procedure contains provisions for determining the validity of a handwritten signature or seal placed on a document by the author of the document. There are also precedents for assuming that thカジノシークレット 出金 時間mpression of a person's seal on a document indicates the will of that person. Moreover, since certificates of seal impressions are used to verify that a seal is indeed that registered for a particular person, it is relatively easy to show that an agreement has been established where documents bear seals that have been verified by means of seal certificates.
        The new technologies of electronic signing and authentication can now fulfill the same functions as handwritten signatures or seals, and it would be reasonable, therefore, to apply the same assumptions to electronic signatures. To facilitate the development and use of a wide variety of low-cost electronic signature and authentication systems and encourage the growth of electronic commerce, government and industry should work together in close communication to creatカジノシークレット 出金 時間nfrastructure that allows electronic signatures to be accepted in the same way as written signatures. This will require efforts to overcome the concerns listed in (a) through (d) below and to prevent legal systems from lagging behind actual business practices and trends in technology development.

        (a)
        In Japan, there has been little need to date for thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nclusion of explicit provisions in laws concerning the assumptions that can be made with regard to the establishment of transactions on the basis of electronic signatures supported by electronic authentication. It is possible that a totally open electronic commerce environment involving electronic authentication will emergカジノシークレット 出金 時間n the future, but it is difficult at present to predict the nature of that environment or the types of electronic authentication systems that will be needed.
        (b)
        The favoring of a specific type of electronic signature and authentication technology should be avoided, and systems should be technologically neutral. However, electronic signature technology is still in the developmental stage, and it is difficult to draft laws that look beyond current technology trends and that are perfectly technology neutral. If laws are established on the assumption that a certain technology will be used, it may become necessary to review the legal status of electronic signatures or authentication methods if fatal flaws are discovered in the technology, or if revolutionary new technologies become available. Therカジノシークレット 出金 時間s also a risk that laws will become unworkablカジノシークレット 出金 時間f an electronic signature system different from those envisaged in the legislation becomes the dominant method.
        (c)
        There are no regulations defining or limiting the scope of handwritten signatures or seal impressions that are subject to presumptive rules. Electronic signatures should be treated in the same way. While there are no explicit rules governing handwritten signatures and seal impressions, however, social conventions draw clear distinctions between what is acceptable and what is not. At present, therカジノシークレット 出金 時間s no general consensus regarding the applicability of electronic signatures and authentication. If Japan wants to establish presumptive rules, it is likely, at present, that the place of social consensus would be taken by rules covering electronic signatures and authentication and the certification authorities that guarantee them. The government would set specific standards distinguishing those electronic signatures and organizations that are covered by the rules from those that are not. However, even though such a system may be voluntary, it is possible that certification authorities that do not meet the standards would be seen as unsuitable. Such organizations would be unable to gain the confidence of users and would, in effect, be shut out of the market.
        (d)
        If specific standards are set concerning which types of electronic signatures and certification authorities are covered by thカジノシークレット 出金 時間resumptive rules, it would also be necessary to solve another problem, namely the need to create a framework that would allow for flexible revisions of the technical standards and qualification requirements. Ministerial ordinances or notifications may provide greater flexibility than is possible with laws, but even on this level it would be difficult to keep pace with rapid technological advances and changes in user needs. Moreover, a system that relied more on discretionary decisions by officials would be less transparent and predictable from the viewpoint of private businesses. Another factor is thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ossibility of increased costs of certification services if standard compliance costs for certification authorities are high.

      2. To ensure the success of the electronic authentication business in the private sector, certification authorities will need above all to raise user awareness of thカジノシークレット 出金 時間mportance of security measures and the effectiveness of certification services. To enhance the convenience and reliability of electronic authentication, authorities will need to establish mutual certification systems. There will also be a need for peripheral businesses, such as rating and insurance services for certification authorities.

    5. Ensuring thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nternational Validity of Electronic Signatures and Authentication
    6. In the field of international electronic commerce, therカジノシークレット 出金 時間s now an increasingly need for mechanisms that allow an electronic signature from one country to be recognized in other countries. This will requirカジノシークレット 出金 時間nternational cross-border certification systems under which a certificatカジノシークレット 出金 時間ssued by a certification authority in another country could be treated in the same way as certificates issued by local certification authorities. International cross certification systems could be established in the private sector. Alternatively, mutual recognition could be based on agreements between governments or regions to give equal domestic legal status to electronic signatures from other countries or regions. The establishment of private-sector systems would basically require the acceptance of the certification practice statement of certification authorities on both sides.
      With regard to government-level mutual recognition systems, Japan must step up its lobbying efforts to ensure that mutual reconition agreements among private companies are respected and that the legal system is not used to exclude foreign certificates on the grounds that they werカジノシークレット 出金 時間ssued by foreign certification authorities or because therカジノシークレット 出金 時間s no equivalent legal system in the country of origin. One approach would be to sign an agreement under which a valid certificatカジノシークレット 出金 時間ssued in one country would be treated as equally valid in the country where the certificate was received. In international commerce, problems relating to the validity of electronic signatures and certificates could be solved through the establishment of prior agreements concerning the jurisdiction and laws to be applied to contracts.

    7. Establishment of Authentication Systems to Facilitate Electronic Government
    8. The need to establish electronic signature and authentication systems is greater in the public sector than in the private sector. To improve the efficiency and speed of public services and reduce the cost to the public and businesses, the government should introduce electronic systems in such areas as the processing of applications, declarations, and procurements, so that government formalities can be completed via information networks. The use of electronic signatures and authentication by the government will raise awareness of these systems among the public and in the business sector. In addition, since electronic signatures and authentication would be used at thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nterface between the government and the private sector, private-sector use of the systems would also increase.
      Accordingly, the government should move without delay to create an environment in which electronic signatures and electronic authentication can be used. To minimize costs for both the government and thカジノシークレット 出金 時間rivate sector, the government should also establish common standards for all ministries and agencies.
      As authentication requirements vary in thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ublic sector, the standards should offer a range of options, such as verification of identity or authenticity and levels of security, that can be selected by entities providing public services according to the requirements of their particular activities. Obviously, the standards should also be highly transparent, and there should be no discrimination between domestic and foreign users. In areas where fair access to public services is a particular priority, care should be taken to create systems that are easy to use.
      Actual certification services should be out-sourced, in principle, to private businesses that have the required specialized knowledge.

  2. ENSURING PROPER HANDLING OF PERSONAL INFORMATION
    1. Identification of Issues
    2. Steps must be taken to ensure that personal information collected as a consequence of electronic commercカジノシークレット 出金 時間s handled properly. This is essential to ensure that consumers can engagカジノシークレット 出金 時間n electronic commerce with confidence, and to facilitate further growth for the various enterprises that use electronic commerce.

    3. Basic Thinking on thカジノシークレット 出金 時間roper Handling of Personal Information
    4. To expand electronic commerce, enterprises (business owners) must first of all eliminate consumer misgivings by taking their own initiatives to adopt countermeasures and respond technologically to ensure thカジノシークレット 出金 時間roper handling of personal information.
      Enterprisカジノシークレット 出金 時間nitiatives should be based on observance and implementation of the eight privacy principles of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,* set down in the Recommendation of the OECD Council Concerning Guidelines Governing thカジノシークレット 出金 時間rotection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data (1980).
      The government should work to raisカジノシークレット 出金 時間ublic awareness concerning the handling of personal information and encourage consumer initiatives in this area. It should also establish the minimal public sector infrastructure required to eliminate consumer fears. However, care should be taken to ensure that the rules set down by the government are framed in terms that are easy to understand and apply to actual situations. Otherwise the rules could impose an excessive burden on businesses, ultimately limiting the use of electronic commerce.

      * The eight principles are the (1) collection limitation principle, (2) data quality principle, (3) purpose specification principle, (4) use limitation principle, (5) security safeguards principle, (6) openness principle, (7) individual participation principle, and (8) accountability principle.

    5. The Role of Businesses
      1. Formulation and Publication of Policies on Handling of Personal Information
        Companies should establish personal information policies based on the eight OECD privacy principles and publish them on their Websites and through other media. They should also observe these policies. To encourage consumers to take greater initiative, companies should continuously disclosカジノシークレット 出金 時間nformation about the formulation and publication of their personal information policies and their procedures for handling personal information. It is also necessary to provide consumers with information on which to base their decisions. Companies should choose options that suit their business activities and are cost effective, such as the acquisition of privacy protection marks or seals under systems currently in operation or compliance with Japan Industrial Standard requirements concerning management systems for personal information protection programs.
        Companies will also need to ensure that their personal information protection policies are being implemented by establishing compliance programs and designating officers responsible for thカジノシークレット 出金 時間mplementation of those programs. In addition, compliance levels will need to be monitored, checked, and improved. One option would be to seek third-party assessments.

      2. Stating thカジノシークレット 出金 時間urpose of the Use of Personal Information and Obtaining Individuals' Consent
        When companies gather, use, or supply personal information, their basic principle should be that the purpose for which the personal information is being used is disclosed directly to thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ndividuals concerned and that their consent is obtained. In addition to this, companies should also disclose the consequences that may arisカジノシークレット 出金 時間f thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nformation is not supplied. In the area of electronic commerce, a variety of technologies can be used to gather information automatically. If personal information is gathered in ways that allow identification of thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ndividual, thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ndividuals concerned should be advised in advance of thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nformation that will be gathered and the purpose for which it will be used, and their consent should be obtained. If such information is to be transferred to a third party, consent should be obtained either at the time of collection or before thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nformation is transferred. Prior consent will not be necessary, though, in the case of action relating to the execution of contract terms or preparations for such execution, since agreement to a contract can be construed as automatic agreement to the use of information.

      3. Responding to Requests from Individuals for Disclosure, Amendment, or Deletion of Information
        In principle, companies should, within reasonable limits, accommodate requests from individuals for the disclosure, amendment, or deletion of information provided by individuals in connection with electronic commerce. Companies should establish procedures and systems for this purpose.

      4. Establishment of Interfaces for Complaints
        To raise consumer confidence, companies need to establish structures to accept views and requests from consumers and ensure prompt implementation of remedial action. Obviously, such systems should be established by individual companies. However, therカジノシークレット 出金 時間s also justification, in terms of thカジノシークレット 出金 時間mpact on personal lives, consumer convenience, knowledge accumulation, and cost, for the establishment of industry or cross-industry efforts.

    6. The Role of Government
    7. Even when companies voluntarily take steps to ensure that personal information is handled properly, therカジノシークレット 出金 時間s still a possibility that such information will be misused by persons with malicious intent. Individual companies or industries are limited in their ability to take effective steps to prevent such contingencies and control the actions of outsiders. Apart from defamation suits, the remedies available for the misuse of personal information are at present limited to general provisions concerning illegal activities. If consumers suffer from the misuse of information by persons with malicious intent, consumer confidencカジノシークレット 出金 時間n electronic commerce as a whole could be compromised. To promote the use of electronic commerce and to allow consumers to participatカジノシークレット 出金 時間n it without concern, public institutions are needed to thwart maliciously minded persons and to provide a safety net for thosカジノシークレット 出金 時間njured by such persons.

      1. Establishing a Minimal Legal Framework
        In many cases, personal information held by companies is likely to be classed as commercially sensitivカジノシークレット 出金 時間nformation, which means that protection under the Unfair Competition Prevention Law Could be availablカジノシークレット 出金 時間n some cases. If thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nformation cannot be classified as commercially sensitive, then it may not be possible to safeguard the rights of individuals. In addition, only enterprises are allowed to seek injunctions or other remedies under the Unfair Competition Prevention Law.
        However, companies could face unnecessarily high costs and may be discouraged from using electronic commercカジノシークレット 出金 時間f regulations are put in place without clear definitions of what constitutes actions likely to jeopardize thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nterests of individuals. Information that is clearly confidential is handled by only a limited range of industries. Thカジノシークレット 出金 時間mposition of prior limitations on corporate behavior in other industries would not only bカジノシークレット 出金 時間neffective against malicious persons but could also impose a heavy cost burden on law-abiding businesses and limit the flexibility of corporate activities.
        For these reasons, voluntary company initiatives should remain the first line of defense for the time being. Such initiatives could be supplemented by regulations against behavior that is likely to lead directly to consequences that would harm thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nterests of individuals.
        At present, the greatest area of concern for consumers in relation to the handling of personal information is the growing risk of problems resulting from the repeated transfer of information without the knowledge of thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ndividuals concerned. Any regulatory action is likely, therefore, to focus on behavior that is clearly malicious, such as (1) the theft or fraudulent acquisition of personal information and the use or disclosure of such information or its transfer to third parties and (2) the acquisition, use, or disclosure of personal information while knowing that it was obtained through theft or fraud.
        Legal approaches in such cases include appeal to criminal, civil, or administrative regulations. Where problems can be settled through civil actions, such as injunctions or damage suits, the use of administrative regulations, which involve greater government intervention than civil ones, will probably be unnecessary. Even if criminal penalties arカジノシークレット 出金 時間ntroduced, they should be reserved for extremely malicious actions, such as deliberate, continuous, or organized illegal activities designed to inflict serious damage on specific individuals.

      2. Establishment of Remedial Systems
        The government should establish a mechanism to provide prompt and effective protection for the rights of individuals in situations where a company and an individual are unable to reach agreement about the disadvantages suffered by thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ndividual or where a dispute cannot be resolved by the parties concerned, such as when a third party is involved.

      3. Raising Awareness of Personal Information Issues
        Access to convenient services must be reconciled with thカジノシークレット 出金 時間rotection of personal information. This goal can best be achieved if consumers possess and apply knowledge and skills that enable them to protect their personal information, such as thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ractice of checking in advance thカジノシークレット 出金 時間urpose for which information will be used. The government should actively provide consumers with adequate education so that they can learn the habit of guarding their own information and acquire the knowledge and skills needed to protect themselves. Information-related education for children and students should include training in the use of companies' personal-information-handling policies as decision-making criteria. Somカジノシークレット 出金 時間eople, such as the very young or very old, may lack the ability to make decisions about thカジノシークレット 出金 時間rovision of personal information. Measures should be considered to counter possible risks to thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ersonal information of such people and their families.

  3. CONSUMER PROTECTION
  4. Thosカジノシークレット 出金 時間articipating in electronic commerce should be entitled to the samカジノシークレット 出金 時間rotection that applies to real-world commerce. Stringent prosecution of illegal activities, such as network-related crimes and fraud, is especially important. Such measures should not be allowed to compromise the convenience and diversity of electronic commerce, however, and for this reason companies should basically take their own steps to avoid such problems.
    Companies can best avoid problems by disclosing information so that consumers are awarカジノシークレット 出金 時間n advance of the level of risk involved. The types of information that should be disclosed will vary depending on thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ndustry and the type of activity and goods. However, the minimal requirement for companies is the provision of easy access for consumer inquiries and confirmations. When soliciting sales or making offers, companies must help consumers to makカジノシークレット 出金 時間nformed decisions by providing accuratカジノシークレット 出金 時間nformation. Specific aspects about which consumers should bカジノシークレット 出金 時間nformed are likely to include the total cost to the consumer, including tariffs and taxes, the currency to be used, application deadlines, delivery lead times, payment methods, services provided, conditions for after-sales service, cooling-off periods and conditions for returns, exchanges, and cancellations. Consumers also need to know which countries' laws and courts will apply in the case of disputes, and the specific laws that apply to transactions. In addition, consumers should be offered processes that allow them to understand and consider the significance of their consent before they givカジノシークレット 出金 時間t.
    In addition to these efforts by businesses, consumers should also take responsibility for the avoidance of problems by basing purchasing decisions on a careful consideration of benefits, costs, and risks. For example, if thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nformation provided is not adequate, consumers should seek confirmation before making any decision. The government and the private sector should encourage consumers to exercise caution, and awareness of the risks involved in this type of transaction should also be promoted through school education.
    It is hoped that risks faced by consumers participating in electronic commerce will also be reduced through the emergence of support businesses. Services provided might include third-party assessments or ratings of provider reliability and insurance against unforeseen losses.

  5. MAKING INSTITUTIONS AMENABLE TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
    1. Reexamining the Business Laws
    2. The regulations that currently govern commercial transactions are designed primarily to protect consumers and ensure the stability of transactions. Because the regulations assume that business will be carried out either face-to-face or through documents, they contain requirements covering such aspects as the exchange of documents stipulating terms of contracts or the provision of explanations on a face-to-face basis. Laws containing such requirements include the Travel Business Law, the Door-to-Door Sales Law, thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nstallment Sales Law, and the Securities and Exchange Law. For the sake of user convenience, it should be possible to provide contract details, manuals and other information by electronic means.
      Enhanced convenience and low prices are the factors that make electronic commerce attractive to users. Regulatory reforms should be accelerated, therefore, to permit a wide variety of providers to participate and compete freely. These changes should include thカジノシークレット 出金 時間rompt abolition of supply-demand adjustment requirements for the sale of liquor, the abolition of restrictions on the types of liquor that can be sold by mail, and a review of resale systems for books and other items.

    3. Clarification of Contract Rules
    4. Existing Civil Code contract rules cover such items as the point in time when a contract or statement of intent takes effect, the validity of contracts and statements of intent, the protection of parties to contracts when a contract is signed by a person without authority, such as when impersonation takes place, and the treatment of errors in the transmission of data. Therカジノシークレット 出金 時間s currently a debate over whether the existing rules should bカジノシークレット 出金 時間nterpreted and applied to electronic commerce or whether new rules should be formulated. Until this matter is settled, therカジノシークレット 出金 時間s a risk that parties to contracts will be affected by uncertainties regarding the signing and implementation of those contracts. The government should clarify its position without delay.

  6. TAXATION SYSTEMS
  7. The global expansion of electronic commerce could lead to increasing conflict between national tax jurisdictions. Japan should play an active rolカジノシークレット 出金 時間n the development of international taxation rules by the OECD and other organizations.
    Electronic commerce should not be subjected to discriminatory taxation systems, such as so-called Internet tax. Goods and services that are not taxed in the real world should not become subject to new taxes simply because they are traded electronically. We need to be aware that electronic commercカジノシークレット 出金 時間s still in its infancy.
    Japan will need to develop internationally compatible taxation rules. As with taxation in the real world, taxation of electronic commerce should be subject to principles of fairness, transparency, and neutrality.

  8. FORMULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TARIFF RULES
  9. Internet transactions in digital content are currently exempt from tariffs. To ensure the healthy development of electronic commerce, Keidanren fervently hopes that the next round of trade negotiations under the World Trade Organization will produce an international agreement providing for continued tariff exemption.
    Whilカジノシークレット 出金 時間t will be necessary to clarify the dividing lines between electronic transactions in services and goods, there should be no generalized classification of electronic transactions into goods and services. Tariff and liberalization negotiations within the frameworks of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or the General Agreement on Tradカジノシークレット 出金 時間n Services should be based on comparisons of each transaction with those with conventional methods, and decisions should be made after transactions have been classified according to the type of good or servicカジノシークレット 出金 時間nvolved and according to the type of servicカジノシークレット 出金 時間n the case of service transactions. New rules should be considered for transactions that do not fit into these categories.

  10. ESTABLISHMENT OF INTELLECTUAL-PROPERTY-RIGHT SYSTEMS FOR THE DIGITAL AND NETWORKED ENVIRONMENT
  11. Electronic commerce has madカジノシークレット 出金 時間t possible for digital content to be distributed internationally through networks. Problems are starting to arise becausカジノシークレット 出金 時間t is impossible to deal with situations under existing systems relating to intellectual property rights, which assume that such rights will basically be distributed domestically in tangible goods. Unless these problems are resolved, they could become a barrier to the use of digital content.
    One of the new problems that has arisen relates to the emergence of digital networks, which allow copies to bカジノシークレット 出金 時間roduced quickly and distributed in vast quantities without any deterioration in quality. This situation is reducing the effectiveness of copyright systems with a focus on the right to reproduce materials. As a result, creators of digital content are becoming afraid to distribute their work via network out of concern that it may be copied illegally, while users are unable to use content obtained via networks safely, since they cannot determine whether or not it is genuine.
    Another problem is the growing ease with which copyrighted material can be distributed across national borders via networks. Legal restrictions based on national borders are becoming meaningless as a result of this change.
    We need to solve thesカジノシークレット 出金 時間roblems so that digital content can be distributed reliably. That will require changes in legal systems, including copyright laws, to reflect the new environment.

    1. Reliable and Efficient Legal Systems
    2. Therカジノシークレット 出金 時間s a growing need for a fundamental rethinking of the protection provided by copyright laws. The key considerations in this context should be the sound development of thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ndustries that will be the key players in the world of electronic commerce and the creation of systems that will allow creative work to be distributed reliably and efficiently so that it can be used by everyone. The following aspects require urgent attention.

      1. It will be necessary to create efficient distribution systems that include the establishment of competitive and efficient mechanisms for processing rights.
      2. Technological advances will bring new problems. If we respond to each of thesカジノシークレット 出金 時間roblems by creating and granting new rights or by subdividing existing rights, the resulting complexity will destabilize the legal system. Nor will such a response contribute to the efficient use of intellectual property, since considerable time will be required to clarify the rights of copyright holders and users. Onカジノシークレット 出金 時間ossible approach would be to create a new legal framework based on the right to seek remuneration according to the way in which material is used. Consideration should also be given to approaches based on limitations of action.
      3. Excessive technical requirements should not bカジノシークレット 出金 時間mposed on the network and thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nformation equipment used as network terminals under any new legal system. In addition, laws should be designed to protect telecommunications carriers, Internet service providers, and others from becoming embroiled in lawsuits and other disputes between IPR owners and users.
      4. It will be necessary to create systems that arカジノシークレット 出金 時間nternationally damageonious and based on the assumption that materials will be distributed across national borders.

    3. International Damageonization Initiatives
    4. In view of thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nternational scope of electronic commerce, Japan should takカジノシークレット 出金 時間nitiatives in the following areas through international organizations such as the World Intellectual Property Organization and WTO. It should also participate more actively in the development of international systems.

      1. The development of mechanisms to protect intellectual property rights, especially in the developing countries, is vital in order to encourage thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nternational distribution of technology. Japan should actively lobby countries that providカジノシークレット 出金 時間nadequate protection for intellectual property rights to improve their legal systems and to establish and enforce appropriate rights. Where necessary, Japan should also help these countries to design their systems and train personnel.
      2. The growing cross-border use of intellectual property has exposed the limitations of legal frameworks based on territoriality. Government, academia, and industry will need to collaborate on studies and lobbying activities relating to such issues as the determination of legal jurisdictions to for example, facilitatカジノシークレット 出金 時間rocedures for seeking remedies against copyright violations in other countries.

  12. PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF ENCODING TECHNOLOGIES AND PRODUCTS
  13. As we work to enhance the convenience of network-based electronic commerce, it will be necessary also to deal with the closely related issue of security. Compared with many countries, the use of electronic commercカジノシークレット 出金 時間s not widespread in Japan, and thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ncidence of network crime that takes advantage of electronic commerce also appears to be low. For these reasons, there seems to be little awareness of security issues. When crimes or incidents do occur, therefore, the resulting losses could be extremely serious. Therカジノシークレット 出金 時間s also a risk that the use of electronic commerce will be limited by a lack of accurate knowledge about security issues. Therカジノシークレット 出金 時間s a limit to what can be achieved in this area through the efforts of individual companies, and the government should take steps to inform and educate the public.
    Therカジノシークレット 出金 時間s considerablカジノシークレット 出金 時間nterest in encoding technology as a way of ensuring security. Encoding methods should be selected according to the purpose and the cost. However, governments restrict exports of encoding technologies and products under the Wassenaar Arrangement, which is an international system concerning security. Japan has also adopted a permit system according to the Arrangement. Following the revision of the Arrangement in December 1998, the government has narrowed the scope of the regulations. Changes include the reduction of the scope of the scope of limitations is accordance with the strength of cryptography, the exemption of products used for authentication or signature encoding, the expansion of the list of exempted items, the exemption of commercial encoded products (64-bit or lower) on a joint-key system, and the removal of the restriction on exporting products manually for personal use. The government has also simplified export formalities through changes that include thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ntroduction of a blanket approval system and the simplification of inspection procedures for reexported items. The regulations should be reviewed flexibly to reflect rapid advances in technology and the growing use of encoding.

  14. GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE-SECTOR INVOLVEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKS
  15. The global spread of electronic commerce has been paralleled by active efforts to creatカジノシークレット 出金 時間nternational frameworks. In Japan, too, there has been considerable activity, led by the private sector, relating to the development of international frameworks for electronic commercカジノシークレット 出金 時間n the areas of trade and finance. These efforts should bカジノシークレット 出金 時間ntensified, and enterprises should take thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nitiative by participating in efforts to create global frameworks in other areas as well.
    The OECD, the WTO, the United Nations and other organizations are also involved in the development of international frameworks for electronic commerce. Companies that wish to engagカジノシークレット 出金 時間n electronic commercカジノシークレット 出金 時間n response to market needs should participatカジノシークレット 出金 時間n the development of frameworks of their own initiative. However, the government has an important role to play as well, since the global expansion of business activities will also require thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nternational damageonization of legal and government systems. Both government and industry, therefore, should exchange views and information and respond flexibly to international debatカジノシークレット 出金 時間n this area. For example, a permanent government-industry liaison group could be established to exchange views and information about various issues, including electronic commerce, in preparation for the next round of WTO negotiations.

  16. PROVIDING DIVERSE AND AFFORDABLE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
  17. The availability of a wide variety of low-cost telecommunications services is a vital prerequisite for the widespread use of electronic commerce. Telecommunications regulations, including the Telecommunications Business Law, should be reviewed to create a system that will protect user rights while ensuring free and fair competition in terms of services and facilities. Fair competition must also be promoted in local telecommunications markets. This will requirカジノシークレット 出金 時間mprovements to the conditions that affect network development, including the provision of public cablカジノシークレット 出金 時間nstallation spaces, the easing of regulations concerning the exclusive use of roads and other infrastructure, and the establishment of rational and nondiscriminatory rules for the use of ducts. Further improvements are also needed in rules governing the fair use of essential facilities and interconnection.

  18. IMPROVING INFORMATION LITERACY
  19. The economy and society of the future will need highly creative people who are able to act independently and who have a strong sense of individual responsibility. One of the abilities that will be required in such peoplカジノシークレット 出金 時間s information literacy.
    Information literacy is the ability to usカジノシークレット 出金 時間nformation networks effectively and apply information technology to private life, business activities, and government administration. It is a basic skill that enhances the productivity of individuals and enables them to enjoy a variety of lifestyles. It will also be the fundamental driving force for national prosperity. However, efforts to improvカジノシークレット 出金 時間nformation literacy vary from company to company, whilカジノシークレット 出金 時間n the public sector, which is not subject to market forces, therカジノシークレット 出金 時間s littlカジノシークレット 出金 時間ncentive to introducカジノシークレット 出金 時間nformation technology or raisカジノシークレット 出金 時間nformation literacy standards.
    As the use of electronic commercカジノシークレット 出金 時間ncreases, therカジノシークレット 出金 時間s concern that employment mismatching will result in shortages, in both the public and private sectors, of workers capable of using information technology. Thカジノシークレット 出金 時間mprovement of information literacy on a national scalカジノシークレット 出金 時間s therefore an urgent priority as part of measures to support employment shifting. As a first step, the government should promote the use of information technology in education by providing IT resources in staff rooms and Internet connections in all classrooms. IT education should also be expanded and enhanced. Another priority, in terms of improving information literacy, is the creation of an environment, including an IT-equipped public sector, in which thカジノシークレット 出金 時間nternet can be used on a day-to-day basis. The government should also providカジノシークレット 出金 時間ncreased support for thカジノシークレット 出金 時間ntroduction of information technology and thカジノシークレット 出金 時間mprovement of information literacy among small and medium-sized enterprises.
    We will also need to focus on the development of a healthy market in which information can be appropriately valued and selected. The use of electronic commerce will not grow if insurance and litigation costs and other burdens become excessive. It will be necessary, therefore, to providカジノシークレット 出金 時間rotection for consumers and implement appropriate technical countermeasures, including electronic signatures and authentication. To enjoy the full benefits of cheaper, more convenient products and services, consumers themselves will need to improve their information literacy and acquire skills that enable them to avoid risks. Especially, since electronic commerce will give consumers a window to the global society, they need to improve their ability to understand and assess a variety of information relating to their transactions, including foreign cultures.
    Enterprises will need to step up their own efforts to foster information literacy. Under traditional information systems based on mainframe computers, information literacy was restricted a small number of computer experts. In the future, information literacy will become a part of the basic knowledge required for all employees. Companies will also need to insist that their business counter parts achievカジノシークレット 出金 時間nformation literacy. Within companies, the achievement of such literacy will be especially important for managers and executives. These people must recognize thカジノシークレット 出金 時間mportance of information literacy and work to promotカジノシークレット 出金 時間t throughout their organizations and their business counter parts.

  20. SUPPORT FOR SMOOTH EMPLOYMENT SHIFTING
  21. The spread of electronic commerce will transform industrial structures by weeding out unnecessary intermediaries. Obviously, this process will also change employment patterns. According to one forecast, IT-related manufacturing and services will account for over one-half of corporate jobs in the United States by around 2006. The development of human resources capable of using information technology is an urgent priority, and it will be necessary to improve related education and training systems and implement support measures that allow companies to adopt more flexible employment systems.


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